常见翻译问题解答

长句与难句重心的转移

中英文语法结构不同,英文可随时插入定语,对名词作进一步的阐述;插入状语,对谓语动词加以修饰和限制,逐渐形成结构复杂、逻辑严密的长句。中文句子多简短,有主次先后,逐点交代,层层铺开。语言结构的不同致使英文长句汉译有一定的难度。有经验的译者在实践中摸索出种种拆译的方法,认为要翻译英文中长得像火车似的句子,就必须把它切成一节一节地来译,故采用拆译法是解决问题的有效途径。


以下结合例句来讲解。


1. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.


【结构分析】根据句子结构和语意分析,这个句子可分成5段:主句(There is no.…)+从句( whether... ) +后置定语(peculiar to... ) +选择性并列从句(or...) +后置定语 (appropriate to....)。从语意上讲,主句讲的是结果,从句说的是细节。根据汉语的表达习惯,译文的表达顺序正好与原文相反。


【参考译文】方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念,还是指历史研究中各个具体领域适用的研究方法,人们对此意见不一。


2. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.


【结构分析】这句话长达31个单词。从结构上讲,它是主句(they do not.. . ) +并列谓语(and thus do not...) + 宾语从句(how able an underprivileged youngster might... ) + 条件状语从句(had he...);从语义上讲,它有四层意思:“不能……因此……不能会有多大的才干……如果……”。根据对这个句子的结构分析和语意分析,我们可以把它切分成四个小段:


For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, /and thus do not tell/ how able an underprivileged youngster might have been/had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.


由于每一小段包含一个意群,切分后我们就可以试译为:


例如,它们不能弥补巨大的社会不公,因此不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人会有多大才干,如果他在较好的环境中长大。


我们认为这样的译文可以说已经很清楚,汉语也基本过得去,但仔细检査下,我们仍然发现汉语表达中还有英语的影子,那就是表示条件“如果……”放句子最后不大符合汉语的表达习惯,因此建议可以调整为:


【参考译文】例如,测试并不弥补明显的社会不公,因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大的才干。


3. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive entertaining.


【结构分析】从句主语带有三个并列的谓语keeps...,allows... ,and offers...构成一个三项并列结构,第二个三项中又各有一小的二项并列结构。


【参考译文】人们常说,电视使人们了解最近发生的大事,使人跟上最新科学和政治的发展,并向人们提供无终止的既有教育意义又有娱乐性的节目。


4. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.


【结构分析】如能看出此句所涉及的并列结构...that... , that...,and that...,即可以说解决了此句的关键疑难点。因此,遇到长句如能查看一下是否有并列结构很重要。


【参考译文】人们常说过,科学家基于归纳法和演绎法工作,借助于这些方法,在某种意义上说,设法从自然界找出某些自然规律,然后根据这些规律,用他们自己特殊的技能逐步建立起自己的理论。


5. From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction.


【结构分析】本句在词序上是倒装,顺过来应为We have, unfort5unately, in the past proceeded form agreement on this general goal to disagreement on specific goals and from there to total inaction. ”句中的 there 指 agreement on general goal。


【参考译文】遗憾的是,在过去我们已经从总目标的一致发展到在目标上的分歧,并且从有所作为到无所作为。


6. Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men,all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women.


【结构分析】这里句子结构实际上是Just as., so……,译为“正如……,……也一样”。从上述我们可以看出,翻译中的关键在于缩小两种语言的结构上的差距,如果能将差距缩小到最小限度,那么翻译就小,这本身就证明了这点。


【参考译文】正如所有的卡车司机和建筑工人不一定都是男的,所有的秘书和接待员也不一定都是女的。


7. And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was bom, and the kind of people among whom he was bom.


【结构分析】这个句子包括一个宾语从句,一个条件从句(在从句中的主语用and连接另外两个名词词组作宾语)和两个定语从句。如果按照原文顺序来译,译文会非常拗口、别扭,因此,译者要考虑倒译的方法,按照汉语的叙事顺序来翻译。


【参考译文】他出生在这样一类人中间,他出生在这种地方,他有这样的母亲;这一切要是让他知道了的话,他知道该多没面子。

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Trust is a bridge between you and me, commuication is the messenger